Monday, September 30, 2019

Benefit of hobby Essay

Leisure activities and hobbies are those things that we can take part in enthusiastically. It is very necessary for us to have a hobby and activity to keep ourselves busy in our spare time; otherwise we might spend our leisure time on entertaining games which are either mindless or wasteful. There are many benefits hobbies and leisure activities can provide, including: Keeping you active – Hobbies and leisure activities are a great way to keep yourself physically active. Try biking, swimming, running, or go to the gym. These activities will not only provide enjoyment but they will help you stay healthy and look better. Helping you stay social – By having hobbies and take up leisure activities, you will get many chances to meet like-minded people. Try joining a club to be open-minded with people. Having friends is very important in life, and meeting people with similar interests is easier than you think if you join these activities. Revealing hidden talents and passions – Try finding things that interest you like playing music or painting-you may have a hidden talent for it. This can lead to a passion for your hobby, which can be very worthy. Relaxing you and easing stress – lastly and most importantly, hobbies and leisure activities offer you time to relax and release stress. Having a hobby will give you time to unwind from a stressful day. Finding something you truly love to do can add value and purpose to your life. When thinking about what makes us healthy, as humans we usually think of eating right, exercising, taking vitamins, etc†¦. we rarely think of hobbies. However, hobbies are crucial in keeping us happy and healthy throughout life. Hobbies and leisure activities are enjoyable things that help to make us well-rounded humans.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Summary of the “Bigger Piece of the Pie”

The number of all hospitals in the country is declining.   Since 1975, there was a 1/6 less on the total number of hospitals.   Investor owned facilities is currently on the rise.From the year 1993 it started to spring high until 1997 and then there was an incremental decrease afterwards but it continues to rise up to the year 2003.   By the end of 2003, investor-owned hospital comprised 16% of the nation’s community hospitals.   Public hospitals are also diminishing in numbers as well as the not- for profits which decline more than 10 %.It is a continued long term decline that was neutralized by the 2002 figure wherein there was a slight increment.   According to observers it will likely to remain stable in the next coning years or will decline slightly.   This can be explained by the infeasibility of small hospitals commented by the professor and director of the health policy and administrative division for the School of Public Health at the University of Illinoi s Chicago.   More patients prefer to go to large hospitals which were of their driving distance.   Conversion of not-for profit hospitals to for-profit hospital is also outpacing.The biggest factors remains a access to capital-investor-owned chains have it, while access is much more varied for not for profit systems.   Many of the broad measures of credit quality, such as annual median figures for profitability and debt coverage but the prosperity is not uniform throughout the sector even if many are performing better.  Ã‚   Investor owned hospitals are squeezed with bad debt expense but they were able to attract equity and debt capital.   Private firms were attracted in order to recapitalize the companies.   Hospitals are also in mess regarding reimbursement of high commercial insurance companies.Due to the high rates of the hospitals, the insurers were prompted to push for a double digit percentage increase premiums for employers.   Facing a fourth year of double-dig it premium hikes, companies have been getting tough this year, pushing a lot more of those costs back onto their employees in the form of higher co-payments and other cost-sharing arrangements.Recognizing the limitations of those tactics, the survey found employers looking to longer-term solutions and possible government intervention to head off the unrelenting increases.   If this continues, employers may drop coverage and push more of their costs to employees, thus making an even more bad debt for the hospitals.However, if they decide to lower the premium increase, they would not be able to boost the reimbursements the way the hospitals are used to.   Meanwhile, the pressure is now building up for not for profit hospitals regarding charity care.   It is an emerging issue whether or not the not-for-profit hospitals exert pressure on for-profit hospitals to provide charity care and whether for-profit hospitals react differently than not-for-profit hospitals to managed care pre ssures and hospital competition in providing charity care.Nowadays, a mixed ownership markets, for-profit hospitals provide significantly less charity care as not-for-profit hospitals in the market provide more. Unexpectedly, for-profit hospitals were not more influenced by price competition than other hospitals with respect to charity care. Having a unique role in providing charity care may justify continuing tax exemption for not-for-profit hospitals and enhance interest in payment and other policies with regard to conversions to ensure that not-for-profit hospitals continue to be represented in market areas.I think the effect of these increases reflected our today economic climate.   As for the charity care of the not-for-profit hospitals, I wonder if it’s their way of breaking tax and being exempted in paying a large amount.   A report by the Internal Revenue Service in July found that not-for-profit hospitals nationwide vary widely in how they report and define their community services.   I believe that the lack of consistency and uniformity makes it difficult to assess the hospitals compliance with the current law.   I think, the changes brought by the IRS would make it easier to compare hospitals and also would help ensure greater accountability.ReferencesCrenshaw, A. (2004).   Health Insurance Costs Keep Rising.   Retrieved on February 29, 2008 from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8287-2004Sep9.html  

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Markering launch for an international business (Nike) Assignment

Markering launch for an international business (Nike) - Assignment Example International business has, hence, become a modern jargon in the current epoch. It is the process of conducting business all over the world. Such business transactions include trading of services, goods, technology, capital and managerial knowledge between different economies (Brenner, 2013). The import and export related activities of a nation constitute its foreign trading affairs. International business expands the scope and scale of commercial activities in an economy. From the above figure, it can be stated that international trade or business has noticeably increased over time. The growth had slightly fallen during the global financial crisis of 2008. As a result, the volume of international trade has greatly influenced the external business environmental factors. Companies engaging in international business across diversified economies conduct commercial on large scales. The production and marketing strategies of these firms are globally established (Brenner, 2013). A multinational company helps to integrate the global economic system. In an international business process, the firm procures labour, finance and infrastructural services from different countries (Brenner, 2013). The process of foreign trade in dominated by companies belonging to developed rich countries. These countries possess productive resource reserves and high technological knowhow. These multinational organizations offer high prices to all the factor service owners, thereby leading the business realm in each country (Brenner, 2013). International business conducted by companies helps to enhance the employment opportunities wherein they operate (Brenner, 2013). Moreover, by providing diversified goods and services in the market, the process helps to improve living standards of the individuals therein. International business contributes towards augmenting the level of trading competition between participating countries.

Friday, September 27, 2019

All art is a lie that helps us see the truth more clearly- Pablo Essay

All art is a lie that helps us see the truth more clearly- Pablo Picasso - Essay Example When we say art, we mean something that a person can look at and interpret. Art is a visual perception of its author; it highlights the main subject to depict its reality. The exaggeration of the illusion can be considered as a lie that reveals the truth behind the scenes much more clearly through the art performed, painted or sung. (Simon, 2007) In his own quote, Picasso illustrates an artistic touch to call art, a lie. By that he meant the illusion, the self created image of any topic and the observed scenario which an artist creates to send the message through. Hence, using all the human senses, the artist uses self expression to make analysis about the truth that lies behind the mirror. It is on one part the mirror image but much more of a deep scan that illustrated all the parts. Many artist find that in variety of subjects, much like Yehudi Menuhin, the famous American violinist on NY Times explained: â€Å"I look upon music as the most complete exposition of the body and spir it of man – and of our universe† (NY Times, June 1986)... , The Romantic Manifesto, 47) The excerpt explains it very deeply of how no real apple can actually look like the painted apple but yet gives the direct image of how delicious and ripe the apple is. Art hence covers dimensions of a human brain for it to pursue its desires. Arts that include poetry and theatre performance play a major role in defining how a simple lie, much like Ayn Rands’ Visual Abstractions can sum up major historical events and move people to find the truth amongst the words. In stage direction, now a day, art is being judged on the amount of hits it can get rather the quality of work and the meaning behind the scenes. It is taken as a time past rather, as Harold Clurman says â€Å"as a real communication through the mask of a fable†. (Lies like Truth, 1958) Poetic illusions As Art discovers many dimensions, it plays with words and thoughts, creating images and lies that a person is inclined to look into, to make it a reality. Shel Silverstein through is versatile poetic sense creates an illusion of a tree that can speak, â€Å"Once there was a tree... and she loved a little boy. And every day the boy would come and he would gather her leaves and make them into crowns and play king of the forest. ....... and the tree was happy But the time went by And the boy grew older. And the tree was often alone† (The Giving Tree) In this exemplary piece of art, the poet looks into a lie that is a tree that can speak, but infact is much more than that, for many the tree can be our family on which we stand by every day and they are there to help. Through art, Silverstein emphases that how reality revolves around how human wants are never ending but by the end of everything we go back to nature, where it all start. Too look behind the lie is the art of the reader,

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Globalization in Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Globalization in Media - Research Paper Example It is difficult to stop media globalization because it is taking place due to innovative communications in technology. Although globalization media plays significant roles in shaping culture and improving social standards of living, it has contributes to loss of cultural identity; thus contributing to a global village. The decentralized nature of communication media such as the use of Internet has improved the social, living standards of people in the contemporary society. The use of social media sites and as well as the e-mail sent through the Internet has made communication cheaper. The Internet is among the most widely communication media techniques used by many people including commercial industries in carrying out business activities. Moreover, the social networking sites has improved the social life standards of people in the society because social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace and many others have enabled many people to communicate easily with friends or relatives across the globe. Many students and business companies utilize the Internet nowadays in carrying out research activities; hence, it facilitates effective learning and enabling companies to carry out marketing research effectively. Nezmah (224) argues that the increased global market media is through new digital technology that has made global markets effective and profitable. Many companies especially the international companies are now able to compete favorably with their competitors because of new digital technology. This has enabled many of the multinational companies to achieve competitive advantage in the market. The use of Internet, radio and television in advertising innovative products in the global market has enabled commercial companies to increase their sales; hence generating a lot of revenues. The international companies have formed new

Retrospective Analysis of a Change in the Psychiatric ICU Essay

Retrospective Analysis of a Change in the Psychiatric ICU - Essay Example There are several change management theories that have been proposed and almost all theories concur, that the success and failure of any change is related to the people factor. It is largely the emotional reactions of people involved in the change process that needs to be managed. Partnership, participation and commitment of staff responsible to implement new processes becomes critical, else any plan is likely to fail. Change management also emphasizes that people's fears need to be managed and trust needs to be built hence communication becomes critical. Researchers have highlighted that involving staff in the planning of change, facilitating communication between departments and backing of senior management can go a long way in ensuring desired outcomes. Any new idea or change in existing practice, is often met with resistance by people who are involved in such transformations. Disruption in expectation is considered as loss of control (cited by, Brck, 2002). Resistance could be higher if people are not given clarity on the goals of new processes and the benefits that one hopes to achieve by implementing the change (Doppler and Lauterburg, 2000). The reaction is triggered by the psychological need for security and predictability. Fear of the unknown holds people back from embracing any change in process or structure. As noted by (Block, 1981, p. 113), "typical forms of resistance, or better symptoms of resistance, beside the most obvious form of attacking, are: Silence, debating unimportant things, staying away, coming to late to meetings, flooding with detail, intrigues, rumours etc...".This can be counter productive as has been proven by Kotter (1995) who shows that two thirds of the changes end in failure. Theorists agree that resistance is a natural reaction to change which need not be explained away with logic or ignored, it needs to be dealt with as soon as it encountered, acknowledging that people are humans with a bundle of emotions that need to be tackled. It therefore becomes important to elicit people's responses to change and address their concerns. The techniques available to change leaders for combating resistance abound in literature. Being participative (Coch & French, 1948, 512-532), using transition management (Ackerman, 1982, P. 46-66), making use of political diagnostic tools (Cobb, 1986, p.482-496), following an one to one approach (Coghlan, 1993), fostering a learning organization (Garratt, 1994), using the seven keys for successful change (Carr, 1994,55-58), or working as transformational leaders (Parry, 1996) are all helpful starting points for change leaders. The task however is challenging since it involves complex emotions. However, it is also true that when peo ple are asked to participate and their ideas respected, their commitment to the change process will increase (Armenakis & Bedeian, 1999).Final success can well depend on the maturity of change leaders (McClelland, 1975). It is also worth pointing out as noted by Chapman (2005), "certain types of people - the reliable/dependable/steady/habitual/process-oriented types - often find change very unsettling. People who welcome change are not generally

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Explain what Utilitarianism theory would say is our moral obligation Essay

Explain what Utilitarianism theory would say is our moral obligation to help end world hunger. Is distance a morally relevant criterion according to Utilitarianism Why or why not - Essay Example According to Mill, ethical judgments should be based on the criterion of the usefulness of the human acts. A person can determine whether his/her action is good or evil based on its usefulness. However, the utility is seen not primarily as an individual utility, but as a public utility. Utilitarianism takes into account the fact that the act can be considered ethically justified if it promotes happiness or benefit for a large number of people. It is seen as â€Å"the ‘greatest happiness’ principle† (Beauchamp, 2013). Based on this, utilitarianism evaluates human moral obligations to help end world hunger in accordance with the amount of benefit that it can bring to humanity. The distance between the people in this regard is not critical, since the emphasis is on the benefit for the whole of humanity in the case of our aid to poor countries. If the aid to the starving countries from developing countries will lead to higher overall benefit and happiness, then utilitarianism appreciates it. Otherwise, utilitarianism does not see the moral reasoning for such

Monday, September 23, 2019

Casestudy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Casestudy - Essay Example This aspect is very subjective and the expectations and objectives along with their ever changing nature make them very ambiguous and prone to conflicts and misinterpretations (Petersitzke, 2009, p.26). This has made the concept of psychological contract the root cause of mistrust between employers and the employees. Psychological contract is a phenomenon that induces at the very onset of a relationship between an employer and an employee. Psychological contract often forms the basis of employee associations and emergence of faiths and beliefs of an individual (Wilton, 2010, p.37). Figure 1: Psychological Contract and the effect on Organization (Source: Wilton, 2010, p.37) The figure above clearly shows the components as well as the influence on the areas of organization with regards to the aspect of psychological contracts. ... The aspect of psychological contract and its linkage with economic and monetary aspects including rewards and compensation has been a matter of debate for academic and other circles. Authors like Schein state that psychological contracts and its effects are only prominent in case of non tangible aspects and hence rewards and monetary compensation do not influence the aspect of psychological contract in an organization and vice versa. However certain authors often refute this claim and state a direct linkage with aspect like compensation and psychological contracts (Makin, Cooper & Cox, 1996, p.5). The case study in the present analysis reveals a case of psychological contracts and its influence. On one hand it is seen that the initial reception to the trainees was good and it induced a lot of motivation on the part of the employees. This include the corporate sponsored lunch and dining at various plush hotels, blackberry set for office work etc. Moreover the rigorous and tough recrui tment process was also motivating to the extent that employees started to believe of a path breaking successful stint at the organization and were hopeful of getting a profile that would add value to their careers. They also hoped that the rigorous process and the following events would essentially mean a tenure that would provide them with considerable responsibility that would add to their learning curve and would enrich the value addition process. In this case the process of psychological contract can be seen to have evolved much before the actual stint at the organization. It also reveals that these aspects were essentially not a part of the formal contract between the employee and the employer. However these aspects had a crucial linkage with the morale and

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Int'l Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Int'l Business - Research Paper Example It is also important to note that Union Carbide could have developed and implemented an effective alarm and early warning signal system in order to raise the alert for hazardous leaking of gas. This was however, not presents at the factory and resultantly firm was involved in one of the worst industrial disasters in the world. Apart from this, protocols should have been set in order to ensure the swift evacuation of the persons working at the plant as well as people living in and around the plant area in order to ensure that damage was minimum. (Muller) In all, Union Carbide should have in place an effective safety and security mechanism in order to deal with such incidents. 2) Corporate response to such an incident always requires that the firm clearly establish that all the necessary requirements to meet such challenges have been put in place. By having an effective system and plan in place, the overall response could have been different because firm could than claim that all the s afety procedures were in place and as such the incident was something which was beyond the control of the firm. Such a planning therefore would have allowed Union Carbide to actually improve its reputation and goodwill within the Indian and global market. Apart from this, firms can find a common ground to develop the actions of mutual value and interest which could ultimately increase the overall good will and image of the organization within the communities in which they operate. (Clouse and Riddell) 3) Union Carbide has the history of environmental damage as well as inadequate safety procedures in place. Though the firm may be one of the largest industrial groups in United States however, considering its overall track record of not following the safety and environmental protection laws and regulations, the overall implications for the construction of a new plant in Malaysia could be significant. One of the key areas to be highlighted is whether the firm would be able to comply wit h the local as well as international safety standards while constructing a new plant. As mentioned in the case that there will be no double standards and all the safety and security requirements will be fulfilled suggest that the overall implications may not be as sever as they were in case of Bhopal. It is also critical to note however, that Kerteh is oil and gas city for Malaysia with very little population therefore if such an incident occurs again, the overall damage in terms of human causalities will be relatively less. Since Bhopal was a densely populated city as compared to Kerteh therefore the overall implications in terms of causalities may be low however, the damage to environment can be relatively higher. (Shrivastava and Siomkos) 4) Union Carbide is still the center of attraction because of its track record of violating the safety regulations. The discovery of highly toxic material near the Olympic site in Australia as well as the subsequent fires at the Indian plant do indicate that the firm is still not following the strict safety and security requirements. These incidents indicate that Union Carbide, in a bid to become cost effective is ignoring basic safety and environmental protection requirements to be put in place. (Kurzman). It is therefore critical to note that the cost reduction at the cost of human and environmental catastrophe may

Saturday, September 21, 2019

A Rose for Emily Essay Example for Free

A Rose for Emily Essay The Use of Personality Traits to Foreshadow in Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In William Faulkner’s short story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, Emily’s reclusiveness, arrogance and old-fashioned attitude demonstrate her refusal to adapt to the present. Throughout the plot, glimpses into Emily’s life and behavior foreshadow the conclusion of the story. The author uses third person voice and a series of flashbacks to illustrate examples of her reclusive behavior, the arrogance that being a Grierson has instilled in her and how her thinking has remained in years gone past. Although Emily is referred to affectionately as a â€Å"fallen monument† by the unnamed townspeople, she is scarcely known and rarely leaves her house. In her younger years she was seen occasionally with Homer Barron, a contractor hired to pave the sidewalks. While Homer was courting her, the two took Sunday drives in public, which set the town abuzz. After his mysterious disappearance, however, Emily goes into full reclusivity. The town’s politicians are even forced to pay a visit to Emily at home when they finally decide to press the issue of paying property taxes which a Colonel Sartoris had graciously deemed paid in full for the remainder of her life. The Board of Aldermen are briefly admitted into the house and given only a quick glimpse of the woman Emily Grierson has become in old age. Outside of china painting classes Emily gave to the children of some of â€Å"Colonel Sartoris’s contemporaries† (page 48) ten years earlier, it was the most anyone had seen of her in some time. Consequently, when Emily finally passes on, her funeral is attended by a variety of townspeople who are overly curious â€Å"to see the inside of her house† (page 43). At this point, Faulkner has foreshadowed the fact that something monumental will be found there. Emily’s arrogance was ripe fodder for her contemporaries. She retained a Negro servant, Tobe, throughout her life in the tradition of her family, but apparently he was just as committed to being a recluse as she and was only seen on market shopping days, speaking little. Everyone thought the family had always â€Å"held themselves a little too high for what they really were† (page 44) and seemed to relish anything Emily did that could make her seem more human. When a horrible smell developed in the house and wafted through the neighborhood it was chalked up to bad housekeeping because â€Å"a man†¦[cannot] keep a kitchen properly† (page 45). This, the townspeople declared, created a â€Å"link between the gross, teeming world and the high and mighty Griersons† (page 45). They wanted an opportunity to feel sorry for Emily and rejoice in the fact that even though her last name was Grierson, she was human after all. Even so, family name carries enough respect that former Confederate soldiers â€Å"to whom the past is not a diminishing road† (page 49) feel obliged to attend her funeral service. Emily’s arrogance is what keeps the people of the town interested in the details of her life, and death. Perhaps because of Emily’s old-fashioned attitude and ideals, she was used to taking matters into her hands and this, too, foreshadows Homer’s Barron end. Although motor cars are a normal sight in town, Emily never bought one and preferred, instead, to ride about with Homer using an old-fashioned horse and buggy. When postal service came to town some years earlier, Emily would have none of it, refusing to allow a mailbox and numbers affixed to her old house. Anything she needed could be delivered or Tobe was sent out with his market basket on shopping day to bring it back, bypassing modern convenience. Faulkner uses these vagaries of Emily’s personality to foreshadow the conclusion when the townspeople swarm through the house to reach the upper bedroom which has been closed for 40 years. It is because of her reclusiveness, arrogance and old-fashioned attitude that the strange old lady purchases rat poison, kills her lover and locks him inside a bedroom for many years, not to be discovered until her death.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Educational attainment vary with childrens social class

Educational attainment vary with childrens social class   Increased diversity in our educational institutions as a result of modern globalisation has led to many different racial and linguistic backgrounds integrating together in schools. The impact on the British education system has thus seen a rise in the influx of children from different ethnic backgrounds. Despite the implementation of various policies to ensure that every child, regardless of ethnicity, social class and gender, has the access to the best education, the debate around inequality in education has still focused on the evidence of the underachievement of particular racial groups in our education system. The debate is a very complex one, and it requires looking at how each three variables interlink, since any one alone cannot account for the variation. This paper will attempt to discuss them, whilst critically analysing why and how they play such a critical role on an individual childs educational attainment, and whether or not it should concern us as practitioners.   The underperformance of certain ethnic minority children, in particular black African-Caribbean pupils, is well documented in the Swann Report (1985), which highlighted how this group of children perform consistently worse compared to their counterparts. The report also recognised that teacher racism, low expectations and stereotyping contribute to poorer performance. Indeed, pupils themselves in the report cited that there tended to be an emphasis on physical ability rather than academic, and thus felt stereotyped that they were only any good for their sports abilities. Institutional racism can play a vital role in the breakdown of rapport between teacher and pupil, which would almost certainly affect their educational attainment. Wright (1992) found in his observational research that children of African-Caribbean heritage saw their typical schooling experience as one of high teacher expectation for poor behaviour, high incidences of teacher disproval, criticism and control. Sim ilarly, Gillborn (1990) supports these findings, by highlighting how children in his study felt they were singled out for criticism, even though several pupils of different ethnic origins were engaged in the same behaviour. White students at the school confirmed these observations on unfair and frequent criticism. Thus, discrimination may influence how a child is treated within the educational institution and therefore may impede their learning opportunities within the classroom. Indeed, Sewell (1997) sought to focus on the interactions between teachers and African-Caribbean pupils with particular regard to the constructs of black masculinity and the tensions around their heritage. He found that the teachers in the survey displayed more control and criticism of these compared to other ethnic groups. Moreover, general staff views were negative. There was a high teacher expectation for challenges to teacher authority and inappropriate behaviour. Sewell (1997) concluded that there was a failure to deliver an inclusive curriculum, and to tackle institutional racism. This evidence clearly shows how a childs ethnic background can contribute to a negative learning environment which can affect their chances of performing well at school. Furthermore, Rutter et al (1999) extends this view by arguing that the notion of resistance is responsible for their underachievement; he argues that since the education system is dominated by white, middle-class male teachers, some black boys resist their efforts, and do not want to be taught by them, this negative perception creates the divide between the teacher and the pupil. Equally, as the report stated, some institutional racism on behalf of the teacher may also occur that can limit the crucial teacher-pupil rapport being built and consequent opportunities for learning. Additionally Moore et al (2001) continues to discuss how African-Caribbean males respond with aggression, and reject the education system primarily due to the do mination of white pupils. This adverse view, results in children trying to make an attempt to gain status and recognition through other means, for example through anti-social behaviour. Similar to the African-Caribbean males, those of Indian origin also revert to exhibit their anger, however rather than rejecting the educational system they use it to its advantage and proceed on to succeed. (Moore et al 2001).   Franklin (1998) argues that some institutional factors cause attainment to vary by ethnicity. He argues how school assessments are based on culturally biased tests, which are written primarily in English, leading to poor results and unsuitable intervention and overrepresentation in special educational needs. Although the Framework for the Identification and Assessment of Special Educational Needs in England and Wales (DfEE, 1994) warns against blurring special needs with special educational needs, and the need for assessment tools to be culturally neutral for a range of ethnic groups, Franklin argues that it is bland and general and not in enough detail. Moreover, Franklin and Franklin (1998) argue that the IQ definition is biased against bilingual children. In their study they found that bilingual children scored lower standardised reading scores on prose tests as opposed to single writing. They concluded that these children were less able to take advantage of the context in the prose test than the predominantly monolingual group on whom it had been standardized. It instead focused on higher order processing skills for example comprehension rather than spelling which is not confounded by higher order processing skills. Indeed, this would affect the educational attainment chances of some of the ethnic minority children such as Bangladeshi. Indeed, children with Bangladeshi origin are the worst performing group of children across all four Key Stages. Strand (2008) highlights how these children tend to fall behind at Key Stage 2 assessments, and then continue to fall behind as the children enter Key Stage 3 and Key Stage 4. It is interesting to note that even when accounting for other socio-economic factors, for example the free schools meals proxy for disadvantage that these children still tend to perform worse. Moreover, Strand (2008) also highlights how by the end of Key Stage 4, Chinese and Indian children actually overtake middle-class White children in the attainment league tables. It is therefore clear that there are other factors influencing why these children perform at a disadvantage to their peers, not ethnicity alone. Family factors such as family ethics may attempt to shed light on the reasons why some children are more involved at school than others. For example, the level of parental engagement with the school certainly varies between ethnic and social class group. Crozier (1996) conducted a case study of the experiences of a group of black parents in relation to their childrens schools. Although he found that many had educational knowledge and awareness of the school system, there remained a dissonance between these parents and the school. Indeed, parents are the first educators, and the most effective way of communicating with them as practitioners is to initiate a firm base of trust and openness, especially true for children with English as an additional language, since much more information is required from their pare nts in order to create fluidity across both the school and home settings. However, since Bangladeshi families face additional barriers presented to their community, since they are not as long established and therefore less fluent, this has a great influence on their childrens education. Furthermore, data from the National Child Development Study (Sacker et al 2002) highlighted how if the social class is high, then educational attainment tends to be high, however the strongest factor was parental engagement. Given that some parents are harder to reach than others; for reasons other than simply language barriers, may attempt to explain why their input into their childrens education is limited. Indeed, Harris and Chrispeels (2006) argue that certain ethnic and social groups are less likely to engage in their childs education and the school in which they attend.   The Berkow Report (2008) highlighted that children from a low socioeconomic background will have difficulties at school. Given the reality that the UKs minority ethnic groups as a whole are more likely to be in poverty than the population at large (Craig, 2002); coupled with the fact that they tend to get placed in housing in low socio-economic areas, provides a prediction towards their educational achievement. The impact of attending a disadvantaged school contributes to it also, due to uneven funding and allocation of resources. The Excellence in Cities scheme has helped to reduce low achievement through focusing on poor schools in areas of serious disadvantage. Moreover, the Narrowing the Gap (NFER, 2008) focuses on improving the home learning environment, which is essential for improving   childrens behaviour, wellbeing and later educational achievement (Sylva et al, 2004). Although the difference within social class has been a dominant feature in education, the government has tried to narrow the gap by introducing a number of initiatives from an early age, such as The Every Child Matters (2003) agenda, Sure Start schemes, and The Early Years Foundation Stage. Yet, the gap remains. Moore et al (2001) indicates that high performance in educational attainment is inclined by ones social status in society. He states that those with a lower social status are materially deprived, with less money to use, therefore are unable to use education to their full advantage. Moreover, the fact that black children attend lower quality schools on average is identified by Fryer and Levitt (2004). They argue that higher levels of free school meals, litter and gang culture makes for a more disadvantaged learning environment, as opposed to middle-class predominantly white schools. They also argue that these children lose ground to white children over the summer period as a c onsequence of a worse neighbourhood environment. Furthermore Douglas (1971) indicates that the most important factor in a child excelling through education is the parental interest given in a childs daily life at school. However, ethnicity has strong associations with the incidence of social class and poverty through different household structure, and child-rearing practices. For example, birth rates for Bangladeshi and Pakistani families are higher than the UK white population; therefore larger families need more money. Moreover, there is less individual attention on the child in these families. Barn (2006) explored the views and experiences of parents in key areas for example family support and education. The findings showed that minority ethnic family life is complex. Most parents wished to be involved in their childrens education, regardless of ethnic background and social class. Black and Asian parents in particular placed an enormous importance on the value of education which was less prominent among white. This places a tension on the reality of the educational achievements of such minority groups.   The reasons for this are complex. Strand (2008) focuses on socio economic classification on linguistic attainment to try and account for the gap. Through analysing data from the Youth Cohort Longitudinal Study, he highlights how children from high classified groups have a vocabulary 50% more than working class children, and 100% more of those on welfare. Since 50% of all African Caribbean births are to single women (Somerville, 2000) they are more susceptible to material deprivation, thus fewer learning opportunities. Indeed, a high quality home learning environment is essential for raising attainment highlighted through the EPPE project (Sylva, 2004). Clearly, any attempt to understand ethnic differences in the involvement/achievement link must first take into account the influence of socio-economic status. Ethnicity alone does not account. Ross and Ryan (1990) have documented that children can pick up and absorb racist values from early as three years old. They argue that positive self esteem is directly related to attainment, so it is vital that we are concerned as practitioners to raise their self esteem from an early age and promote inclusion of all racial backgrounds, regardless of their social class and gender. If a child feels they are worthless their self esteem decreased which affects their academic attainment (Purkey, 1970). It is clear to see that the Government recognises the disadvantages of children from particular ethnic backgrounds, through looking at the specific projects launched to help certain ethnic minority children, for example the Excellence in Cities scheme, and the Ethnic Minority Achievement Grant (EMAG). Moreover, the launch of the Aiming High: DfES National pilot project to Raise Levels of Attainment for African-Caribbean pupils was launched in 2003 with the aim of maximising levels of achievement. Such focus leads one to respond that indeed, educational attainment is affected by ethnicity, and therefore, as discussed, social class. The issue of gender also throws a complex light onto academic performance. On the whole, females tend to perform better than males academically, yet for Black African-Caribbeans, both male and female fall behind, compared to any other ethnic group (Strand, 2008).This therefore, seems to suggest that this particular ethnic group is underperforming for another reason, such as the reasons given above. The issues surrounding gender performance and achievement are complex, affecting different sub-groups of boys and girls in different ways, often reflecting the influence of class and ethnicity. The traditional criterion for monitoring the school system has been the proportion of students securing five or more A* to C grades in public examinations at 16-plus. Since the late 1980s this figure has been rising steadily, however the gap in the performance of boys and girls appears to have been widening parallel to this. The National Pupil Database (2002) highlighted how girls performed better a cross all groups, however there are many complex reasons as to why this is. Firstly, there are scientific explanations for example whilst children are young, numerous changes take place, each child begins to develop   physically, emotionally, socially and intellectually at their own pace, they begin to acquire   the understanding of the environments they are exposed to whilst their ability to communicate   with their peers strengthens. Scientific evidence states the physical structure of the brain may be the reason as to why both sexes have a variance in attainment. The development of language within boys comes at a slower pace than that of girls, as girls acquire language rapidly, and at an earlier stage. Girls also focus for lengthier periods of time when in conversation and are able to concentrate more in the classroom. Therefore the structure of the brain shows advantage to the girls (Watkins, 1991). Furthermore, Haralambos et al 1997 states that research over the past 30 years shows a consistency of trends whereby girls at the age of 16 left school after acquiring better grades than boys. Government s tatistics indicate that the variance in attainment achievement between boys and girls start from an early age. Data from the 2007 examinations in England, from Key Stage One and Key Stage Three examinations show that girls achieved higher marks then boys. However in the mathematics papers taken at key stage 2, showed that boys outperformed girls by 2%.In comparison to the papers taken by Key Stage 3 the differences amongst the sexes was higher. It has also been argued that the curriculum has become feminised whereby it works in favour to the females, whilst disadvantaging the boys (Mac and Ghaill, 1994). They argue that there has been a crisis of masculinity, because of the decline in traditional manual jobs. This has led, to an identity crisis, and made it easier for some males to question the need for qualifications when the jobs they would have traditionally gone into no longer exist. Unmistakably the issue around boys underachieving within education in comparison to girls is a major cause for concern. Perhaps the specific focus on some of the ethnic minority groups have shifted the concern away from the white population, with the result being that white working-class boys are now underperforming consistently through the education system. The statistics presented are undeniable, particularly whilst it is becoming an increasing trend for boys to take the opportunity of turning away from formal education at a young age. Thus being the reason why parents and practitioners need to be able to recognise the changes in a child from earlier on so that there is support available for the child to be able to make the right decisions. The variance amongst children can be immense, as mentioned above; each child is individual and develops at their own pace. Although these differences can be vast, it is up to teaching professionals and parents to be aware of this and to be able to recognise it, particularly when each child approaches the learning process in different ways. In conclusion, it is clear to see that not any one variable of social class, ethnicity and gender stand alone as a cause behind a childs educational attainment; rather they interlink in quite a complex way. It should concern us, since we, the practitioners who are helping to shape their futures, need to understand that all three interlink to produce each unique child, which is at the very heart of the Every Child Matters agenda.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Weaker Sex? :: Sports Women Feminist Papers

Weaker Sex? "Psychologically, men are more explosive, inconsistent, not enduring, a nd in pain exertion - especially among high performance athletes - somewhat sniveling. A woman is the opposite: tough, constant, enduring, level and calm under the pain to which her biology exposes her. On the average she is more patient than a man. Armed with these advantages, women are in a position to do endurance feats previously considered by men to be impossible."(Noakes 598) Not many sports exist in the world today in which women can be competitive with men. Although this is not true with many other things in life, it has always seemed that males dominate the sports world, no matter how hard women have tried to break through this. Upon taking this class, I thought I had found such a sport. From quotes such as the one above by Dr. Ernst van Aaken and other findings in the class text books, I developed the thesis that Ultra Marathon Running might be just the sport for women to show their ability to best men in sports arenas that which they had previously been excluded from. As I look deeper into this statement, I realize that there are many different ideas and theories on this topic. Many women say, "Yes, of course women can compete with men", while men tend to laugh at the question and scoff at even the thought. So my question remains unanswered, can women of the ultra species compete with males? In 1971, American woman, Natalie Cullimore surprised the all male ultra world by running a 16:11 for the one hundred-mile race. Not only was she second in the race, but this was the fourth fastest time for a male or female at this distance. She caught the attention of the males of the sport with her speed and helped many other women to find a place in this field with her determination. As women's ultra running became more popular world wide, people began to take notice. Onlookers realized that the women always seemed to look more fresh at the end of a race, as if it were not as much of a struggle for them as it was for the men. This observation prompted many studies and the theory that women could beat competitive men. The first doctors to make a statement about this theory were Dr. Joan Ulloyt and Dr.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Friendship Essay: My Best Friends Funeral -- friendship essay, my best

I never thought that I would ever had to attend to a funeral of a close friend. Aaron Smith was only 18 years old and passed away from a tragic automobile accident. He was always a really happy guy and had the biggest smile there could ever be, his smile would make anyone get cheered up. He was about 5 foot 9 inches, light brown skin, and he had a thick body, and black hair. Aaron would always help out a friend in need, even though he had trouble with his divorced parents he wouldn’t let that get him down. His mother and sisters live in Stockton, California and his father lives in Royal City, Washington so Aaron would always be traveling from California to Washington state. That made it hard on him trying to be with both families, but his favorite place to reside was Royal City because he had all of us as friends we gave him all the love that he needed to be comfortable living without his mom and sisters. So this is were the story begins. I remember November 13, 2006 like it were yesterday I was very excited because we had just moved in to a new house it wasn‘t in Royal city but it was only 30 minutes away. Our new house had three bed rooms, three bathrooms, two living rooms, and the best part of all a big swimming pool with a slide and a diving board! It was one of the most exciting days of my life, even tough we had tons of boxes to un pack it was all good. My bedroom was outside of the actual house it was the guest room but I claimed it as my room it was perfect. That day I was with my boyfriend who was also very close to Aaron, we were watching a scary movie and it was about 8Pm and Ray (my boyfriend) had a really weird feeling like he had to leave back to Royal as soon as possible ... ...ood-bye. We were all just hanging out in the room until it was all over. From Moses Lake Aaron had a last trip he was going to be buried in California we all knew that Aaron would have rather be in Royal City but his mom thought otherwise. To some up this awful story we finally left the funeral house, and everyone left back to Royal City. To all of us it was a nightmare come true to lose a close friend but now that I think about it he is in a better place not having to decide between mom or dad, California or Washington. This funeral was the worst thing that could happen to me, I lost a good friend and I would never get to see him again. When I think about him now days I look at it like if he were in California and that I will see him eventually. I dream about him once in a while and I know he’s dead but in my dream it makes me happy to see him and talk to him.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Romance and Anti-Romance in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay -- Tempest

Romance and Anti-Romance in The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚   The specific genre classification that one may give to a piece such as The Tempest is often thought to be highly confusing. This is because so many of the qualities of a romance and a realism can be applied to it's words and actions, but at the same time pull away from the very sense of the genre that it is trying to achieve. A romance has many specific qualities, most of which rely on the fancy and imagination of the viewer or the reader. In some circles, it is even known as escapist. Not to the extreme of escapist drama, but certainly free from the boundaries of the mortal world as we know it. In reading the critical essay entitled "The Tempest as Romance and Anti-Romance by Richard Hillman," I found many important points arguing both for and against the idea that it is a romance. He states quite plainly at the beginning that in any romance audiences expect to move and travel widely to exotic places, different times, and widely throughout the realm of imagination. In his opinion, The Tempest takes these principles farther than any previous works in order to destroy them (Hillman 141). In other words, Shakespeare goes to immense trouble to simply set us up for a great fall. The elements that produce fantasy in this work and make it known that it is a specific genre basically prove to be as insubstantial as Prospero's spirit actors. Hillman claims that these elements can simply vanish into thin air and leave quite disturbing resonances with the audiences after their departure. The Tempest is certainly a play of confinements, contortions, and problems (Hillman 142), that much is fairly obvious from the beginning. The island itself is exotic and fantastic in the beginning, pr... ...Restoration Tragicomedy." ELH 51.3 (Fall 1984): 447-64. Eichner, Hans. "The Rise of Modern Science and the Genesis of Romanticism." PMLA 97 (1982): 8-30. Hillman, Richard   The Tempest as Romance and Anti-Romance Shakespeare Quarterly. 34 (1983), 426-432. Langley, Michael. The Appropriation of the Tempest, 1700-1800." Shakespeare Survey 43 (1990): 99-109. Maguire, Nancy Klein. Regicide and Restoration: English Tragicomedy, 1660-1671. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992. Nicoll, Allardyce. Dryden as an Adapter of Shakespeare. London: Shakespeare Society, 1922. Palmer, D.J. Shakespeare's Later Comedies: An Anthology of Modern Criticism. Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1971. Peterson, Douglas L. Time, Tide, and Tempest Berkeley: U of California P, 1970. 1-103. Spencer, Christopher, Shakespeare: Dream and Tempest.   Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1965. 109-99. Romance and Anti-Romance in Shakespeare's The Tempest Essay -- Tempest Romance and Anti-Romance in The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚   The specific genre classification that one may give to a piece such as The Tempest is often thought to be highly confusing. This is because so many of the qualities of a romance and a realism can be applied to it's words and actions, but at the same time pull away from the very sense of the genre that it is trying to achieve. A romance has many specific qualities, most of which rely on the fancy and imagination of the viewer or the reader. In some circles, it is even known as escapist. Not to the extreme of escapist drama, but certainly free from the boundaries of the mortal world as we know it. In reading the critical essay entitled "The Tempest as Romance and Anti-Romance by Richard Hillman," I found many important points arguing both for and against the idea that it is a romance. He states quite plainly at the beginning that in any romance audiences expect to move and travel widely to exotic places, different times, and widely throughout the realm of imagination. In his opinion, The Tempest takes these principles farther than any previous works in order to destroy them (Hillman 141). In other words, Shakespeare goes to immense trouble to simply set us up for a great fall. The elements that produce fantasy in this work and make it known that it is a specific genre basically prove to be as insubstantial as Prospero's spirit actors. Hillman claims that these elements can simply vanish into thin air and leave quite disturbing resonances with the audiences after their departure. The Tempest is certainly a play of confinements, contortions, and problems (Hillman 142), that much is fairly obvious from the beginning. The island itself is exotic and fantastic in the beginning, pr... ...Restoration Tragicomedy." ELH 51.3 (Fall 1984): 447-64. Eichner, Hans. "The Rise of Modern Science and the Genesis of Romanticism." PMLA 97 (1982): 8-30. Hillman, Richard   The Tempest as Romance and Anti-Romance Shakespeare Quarterly. 34 (1983), 426-432. Langley, Michael. The Appropriation of the Tempest, 1700-1800." Shakespeare Survey 43 (1990): 99-109. Maguire, Nancy Klein. Regicide and Restoration: English Tragicomedy, 1660-1671. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992. Nicoll, Allardyce. Dryden as an Adapter of Shakespeare. London: Shakespeare Society, 1922. Palmer, D.J. Shakespeare's Later Comedies: An Anthology of Modern Criticism. Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1971. Peterson, Douglas L. Time, Tide, and Tempest Berkeley: U of California P, 1970. 1-103. Spencer, Christopher, Shakespeare: Dream and Tempest.   Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1965. 109-99.

Reflective Writing of Gifted Hands-the Ben Carson Story Essay

â€Å"Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story† is a true story movie that revolves on the life of Benjamin â€Å"Ben† Carson who overcome poverty, racism, and a violent temper to become a world-renowned Pediatric Neurosurgeon that gives him a great credit in the field of Medicine. In his early years, he is the dumbest student in their class that made her mother come up on a decision on urging them (Ben and his brother Curtis) to start reading books in the Detroit Public Library because she doesn’t want her children will end up like her. Before long, Ben moved from the bottom of the class to the top. As he enters the world of Medicine as a Pediatric Neurosurgeon in John Hopkins Hospital, he successfully performed a ground-breaking surgery separating conjoined Siamese twins who were born joined at the head (this complex surgery has never been achieved before without casualties). It was a milestone in neurosurgery, but was far from the only worth mentioning achievement o f Carson’s career. For me, the most noteworthy event in the movie was when his Ben’s mother imparted him, â€Å"You can do anything that anyone else can do, only you can do it better.† This excerpt was intended for Ben to be encouraged and to boost his confidence to pursue with his undertakings to be the best he can be. He slowly discovers that his brain is indeed capable of both intelligent and creative thought. It’s a discovery – the miracle of human brain – that completely changes his life and shapes the course of his future. Learning developed when this excerpt was imparted, for me the gist of the excerpt is there’s nothing impossible if we just think that we can do our best, it just takes courage, self-confidence, self-efficacy and faith in God. Whatever course you decide upon, there is always someone to tell you that you are wrong. There are always difficulties arising which tempt you to believe that your critics are right. To map out a course of action and follow it to an end requires courage. This is similar to Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory. Bandura’s theory emphasizes the role of observational learning, social experience, and reciprocal determinism in the development of personality. According to Bandura, a person’s attitudes, abilities, and cognitive skills comprise what is known as the self-system. This system plays a major role in how we perceive situations and how we behave in response to different situations. Self-efficacy plays an essential part of this self-system. According to Albert Bandura, self-efficacy is â€Å"the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations† (1995, p. 2). In other words, self-efficacy is a person’s belief in his or her ability to succeed in a particular situation. Bandura described these beliefs as determinants of how people think, behave, and feel (1994). Since Bandura published his seminal 1977 paper, â€Å"Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change,† the subject has become one of the most studied topics in psychology. (http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/self_efficacy.htm). Because in Bandura’s Theory of Self-Efficacy verifies that self-efficacy can have an impact on everything from psychological state to behavior to motivation while people with high self-efficacy – that is, those who believe they can perform well—are more likely to view difficult tasks as something to be mastered rather than something to be avoided. Like in the Bandura’s Theory of Self-Efficacy this reveals that it is how one judges one’s own competence to complete tasks, ability to perform well and reach goals. Self-efficacy affects every area of human endeavour, by determining the beliefs a person holds regarding his or her power to affect situations, thus strongly influencing both the power a person actually has to face challenges and the choices a person is mostly likely to make. These effects are particularly apparent, and compelling, with regards to behaviors affecting health. It is distinct both from efficacy and from self-esteem, confidence, and self-concept. Understanding how to foster the development of self-efficacy is important for policymakers, educators, and others in leadership positions, and to anyone seeking to build a happier, more productive life. Just like in Ben Carson’s story when he was hesitating on pursuing the operation between the Siamese twins because this surgery wasn’t successfully achieve or accepted before. But with the words of encouragement of his mother, he immediately conducted some research like reading books and applying his stock knowledge. Through these, he successful run the operation on the Rausch twins and that made him carve his name in popularity. Having watched the movie â€Å"Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story† I realize that in life we must believe in ourselves. Believe in our strength, capabilities, and have faith in God. Like in the story of Ben Carson after realizing the words of her mother, he slowly discovers that his brain is indeed capable of both intelligent and creative thought. It’s a discovery – the miracle of human brain – that completely changes his life and shapes the course of his future. Furthermore, I learned that we must not put some barriers or limitations immediately on the things we think we can’t do. Don’t belittle yourself and neglect things right away. Have After watching the movie, I have significantly improved my perception of self-confidence to achieve anything even the impossible. This makes me feel that self-confidence my key to every achievement of goals and even surpassing some difficulties in life. This perception will be a useful tool to me as learner because to be able to succeed in life is to face some up’s and down’s of life with full courage and there will be no courage if self-confidence is missing. As a next step, I need to be open-minded in all possibilities that could happen, even it will be an achievement or misfortune, and ready to face them with courage and faith in God.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Innovation Involved in the Development of the Apple Mac

In my Essay I will discuss the role of technology as it‘s incorporated as an explicit component, focusing on the conceptualisation, Invention, innovation, and diffusion of Apple technologies, specifically aiming the topics towards the development of the Apple Mac. Whilst also looking at how the fundamentals of the mac’s core competencies has a ripple effect on the development of new technology across the Apple range and how this contributed to an understanding of information technology and productivity throughout the company.The developments of the original conception of the first generation of Personal computers were focused on hard core developers who used them to write programs. From this the need for a universal machine that operates between program and Data was being conceptualised quasi-simultaneously by new innovators who had realized the need to bring the â€Å"personal computer† to the average user but couldn’t previously as it had an inchoate form . Invention Apples CEO Steve Jobs introduced the Macintosh to the market in 1984.It was the first personal computer that was affordable and using an infusion of existing technology created a machine which was a â€Å"spin off† invention that lay the foundation of the technology which we use today on a daily basis.â€Å"What makes a business resource truly strategic-what gives it the capacity to be the basis of a sustained competitive advantage you gain an edge over rivals only by having something or doing something that they can’t have or do.†- Carr â€Å"Generations acquire knowledge from the preceding generations, create new inventions with new knowledge, and transmit the modified knowledge to the next generation which is expected to create more innovations† – Thomas Schott Inventions are created in every era, most of the time as an adaptation of a previous work or concept made for the purpose of practical activity to solve some form of a problem .The invention of the Mac is attributed to Jeff Raskin whose Semiotic labor when developing the idea of the computer at an intellectual level was quickly forgotten once the Mac was seen as an amazing new invention even though the conceptual basis of the technology already existed, Apple merely amalgamated it. Once again like many times throughout history the â€Å"hero inventor† who was the Front man of the project Steve Jobs, was attributed with the creation of the Mac.When in reality the material technology was created by a team of humans pooling their intellectual knowledge and encompassing it into this new invention.The problem arises when people confuse innovation potential with practical value, assuming the lack of limits on development necessarily implies a lack of limits to its usefulness†- Steve Lohr Innovation The situation had been created where Apple has placed themselves with a competitive advantage over their competitors and as Maurice Holmes Chief Enginee r of Xerox Corp tells us â€Å"The only way we can sustain competitive advantage in I.T is to learn faster than the rest of the world† In Today’s world, Technology diffuses so rapidly it is hard for us so determine which new technologies are going to change â€Å"society† as we know it and which are going to be forgotten in the dustbin of history. Apple found itself in difficulty once its CEO was removed from the board. The new leadership wanted more products and particularly with the Mac there were new versions coming out every six months.Apple had lost its competitive advantage and was in a poor state. They survived in an extremely competitive industry by returning to its original source of sustainable advantage, a flair for design, tight integration between hardware and software particularly with the Mac and its successors and a strong brand image. Along with a CEO whose goals were to innovate the technology of the future which would change the world.They wer e in a position to Pursue the innovations of The Mac and the new handheld device market more so than their competitors’ as they knew competitors would have a hard time adapting their strategies, being either held back by the need for new technological changes, infrastructure changes or timeframe constraints to adapt to the new markets. â€Å"Some companies may find that the risks of aggressive innovation outweigh the potential benefits, there are still times when it makes strategic sense to get out in front ahead of the game† – Carr DiffusionA perfect example of someone coming into a market as a late adaptor is Apple. They took great advantage from previous products made from other companies. By observing the new products which were being constantly diffused and tracking trending patterns Apple were able to see what the consumer wanted, more importantly what the other products lacked. The application of their ability to create cutting edge designs, and manufactu re this to the highest of quality and couple it with the well established brand apple exploded into the market.â€Å"The technological progress has no bounds, and acts of innovation can and will demolish all barriers to growth and success† –Carr Technology has been into the workplace at an exponentially increasing rate over the last few decades. Many companies see new technology as the means to increase profit margins and to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving marketplace.Apple is the market leaders because they have been able to penetrate major markets in the U.S such as the private and public sector, education and transport. The increase in this technology, over the last decade in particular the Apple brand has increasingly become more successful is their constant focus on user-experience. Many businesses have benefited from incorporating the Mac and other apple products into their businesses organisations. One of the more notable businesses is Pepsi-Co. â€Å" With iPhone and iPod, we can be more efficient and get in front of problems before they even happen.†- Brian SpearmanThe Mac, along with the IPhone and Ipad have transformed Pepsi’s business operations substantially through their logistics demand having to be coordinated, communications systems, their Mac and IPhone Apps and even manage their orders to meet retail and consumer demand. There is no question that the efficiency of the Mac and the apple brand has caused some companies to realize that they may not need as much man power because the technology is there to replace them.Taking into mind a decade ago information technology only: â€Å"delivered great benefits to a handful of firms, but for most it has been a source of frustration and disappointment than of glory. It was a simple factor of production, a commodity input that was necessary for competitiveness but insufficient for advantage† –Carr Now technology is not only being implemented into organ isations but is transforming and surpassing human capacities in certain fields.ConclusionSome distinctions do penetrate our discourse as it becomes useful to us. The Macintosh has evolved into Apple’s current lines of computers, the iMacs, Mac Mini, MacBook’s, and more, but the original Macintosh system will always be an icon, and an innovative product that changed the way we use computers and what we use them for. It has helped apple go from selling computers to becoming a top seller in IPods, and now more recently the strongest brand in the smartphone market and one of the most recognisable brands in the world.It can be seen that the distinctions between the conceptualisation, invention, innovation and diffusion of the Apple Mac are essential. Through the original idea of the computer and the concept of the need for a universal computer, and how this idea has developed and seen the invention of new technology of the Mac and the many different versions we have seen si nce its invention.From the invention of this new technology, Apple have innovated the way we interact with each other had have also played an essential role in how businesses are able to run their companies more effectively and efficiently, cutting out non-essential costs where they are no longer needed and replacing them with technology. Through the constant diffusion of new innovation products it is clear to be seen that Apple as a company have reaped the reward of being the an early adaptor, taking the first step into an new market and flourishing it into a strong brand and making it a part of our everyday life.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Changes in Children- Birth Essay

Before six months the main reason why a child’s emotion and emotional expression is different is due to the brain not being fully mylinated. As the child ages past the first month, their frontal cortex begins to advance as increasing neurological development is starting and beginning to modify and transform the operations of the in-built emotional expressions (Wilson, 2003, p. 55). Suffering, pain, joy, fear and interest are among the first emotions that an infant express. These primary emotions are important as this is a child’s first way of showing and communicating with adults their needs. It is for the reason of communication we must look at our primary emotions as a human survival mechanism, as these are involuntary and in- built features all children are born with (Wilson, 2003, p. 55). All primary emotions are all expressed in the same manner, which raises the question as to whether emotions are all universal; that emotions are genetic, or that all cultures share mutual background features. There are 2 main theories on emotional development; discrete emotions theory and a structural approach (Wilson, 2003, p. 48). Izard, Tomkins, Ekman are the leaders of discrete emotions theory. These theorists proclaimed that emotion had 3 components; physiological, behavioural and subjective. These emotions where present from birth and could be seen by studying facial expressions of infants. The results and information these theorists where gaining agreed with Darwin that these expressions where the same in all culture and must be an in-built neural feature. As humans age our primary emotions network with cognition and form ‘cognitive affected structures’, this is how secondary emotions are developed discrete emotions theory (Wilson, 2003, p. 49). This theory can be applied to my own family, as recently there was a sudden death of my aunt, as a result we had family members calling from different parts of Australia and the world calling to offer their condolences and support to our family. This reaction to a death of a family member is universal. The structural development approach see’s development as holistic. This approach states that all systems interact with each other and the environment with emphasis on the social environment. The environment play a large factor in the development of children, but theorists cannot deny genetic is also a large contributor. Sroufe a theorist states that all emotions have antecedent. In Sroufe’s theory in the first 6 months of an infant’s life emotional ancestor can also be physiological states and not recognised as emotions, and that secondary emotions build from there (Wilson, 2003, p. 50). By the age of two, a toddler’s brain contains more neurons than an adult and has twice the amount of connections between these cells. It has been linked that that as a toddler’s brain contains more neurons that they need more rest then adults for their brain’s to function fully. During this time more neurons die and more connections are pruned throughout brain in the first three years of life than other stage of life. The leading element of the development of expressions of emotion in the child’s environment is the carer and the care the child receives. Emotional deprivation occurs when children who are not had consistent warm emotional relationships as a young child, this leads to their secondary emotions being weak. Children who have suffered from emotional deprivation are targets for exploitation and paedophiles as they have ‘affection hunger’ (Wilson, 2012 slide, 8) A child in the toddlerhood has additionally reached a point where they have developed a sense of self. The maturation of the frontal lobes and the limbic circuit in the brain is the cause for the development of a toddler achieving a sense of self. As a result of the toddlers sense of self they are able to show empathy and can affectively communicate and label their emotions to their peers and adults. This allows a child to say ‘I am mad or sad’ instead of crying and having a tantrum, although toddlers still react in this manner they can communicate there emotions more effectively (â€Å"Emotional development†, 2006,. ara 7). From two to six years of age is early childhood. It is at this stage in a child’s life they have developed motor skills that enable them to become more self-sufficient and self-controlled. Children are creating friendships and being more engrossed in playtime such as; painting pictures which creates symbolic expression. There is an incr easing need for the carer to engage with the toddler by conversing and meeting the child’s social, cognitive and emotional needs, their perspectives, and interests. The child’s ability to tell stories is a way of understanding their perspectives (â€Å"Hearing young children’s voices,† nd, p. 19). Through a greater understanding of the world around them a child develop and understanding that the world didn’t revolve around them and that nothing was as simple as they one thought it was. During the age of 2-6 most children attend preschool, which gives young children a great understand about display rules. By attending preschool it gives young children an understanding about how to express their emotions in an appropriate way in all contexts of life ranging from family, school and society. Toddlers may learn how to appropriately express their emotions but influences from their family still have a great impact on their expression. The preschool is a system, with rules, boundaries, and expectations. It is important for children to know where they stand and by placing them in a system such as preschool whilst they are developing their emotional expression allows them to shine. For children in good environments the control of emotional expression accelerates from 3 to 5 years (Wilson, 2003, p132). From the age of six to eight children become aware of the difference between expressing emotion and feeling it. This affectively allows the child to manage their emotional expression by reflecting on their emotions; this is an emotional coping skill children learn in order to avoid negative attention or experiences such as bullying. Although, school age children are becoming more exposed to the wider world new challenges are arising such as, fears of failing or poor academic result in school as many children are put under presser from parents to achieve high grades (Berk, 2009, p. 410). When the child reaches ten years of age their expression of emotions is likely to have significantly enhanced. At this age most children have developed a set of techniques for controlling their expressions of emotion. General strategies are problem centred coping, they are able to identify the challenge, asses and solve issues that may arise. If problem solving is not successful the child may adopt emotion-centred coping that is private and internal (Berk, 2009, p. 410). An external influence has also been heightened during this period such communicating with their peers on how to deal with the situation. Children at this age are able to justify circumstances and actions or â€Å"reconstruct scenarios to make them seem less upsetting emotionally† (â€Å"Emotional development†, 2006,. para. 11). By age eleven, the child has began to integrate inner standards of excellence and good behaviour with self-conscious emotions; their internal strategies are starting to be utilised for self-regulating, and a shift from problem centred and emotion centred coping has taken place and there social etiquette of expressing emotions has improved (Berk, 2009, p. 416). In adolescents emotions are still forming. Most children reach adolescence rom eleven to twenty years. During this time an adolescent is trying to create distance from their family and form their independence. Peer pressure may appear to be irresistible regardless of the adolescence’s inner feelings, as it full fills their need for acceptance and desire to ‘fit it’. Emotional expression and even the adole scence’s inner feelings may alter on the way they react to certain stimuli or events, when in the context of groups, this can be seen in how a adolescent reacts on a school excursion to how they react out with their peers on the weekend at a movie theatre. Wilson, 2003, p. 176-77). Young adolescences’ endure peer group contexts where their expression of emotion is displayed in the environment of peer norms. Each child is an individual as they have been brought up in different backgrounds. In turn their fundamental feelings have been restricted although they have acquired the display associated with emotion. In example some adolescences may display in anger in what they have seen of anger, with the increase in aggression used television shows and in movies adds to the range of anger an adolescent cane use (Wilson, 2003, pp176-77). In certain circumstances some adolescences exhibition emotions that they may not feel or more emotions than felt, this is present in children of younger age groups but, is more dominant in adolescences. Adolescence is known as a period of storm and stress. Social, cognitive and environmental factors are a large contribution of how the adolescences expression of emotion will inevitably mature. During adolescence the social problems become more complex and they chose to talk to their peers to offer help to overcome this situation (â€Å"Emotional development†, 2006,. para. 12). Children who have been deprived have complex expressions of emotions, and on top of the struggle with complicated emotions that arise during adolescents put’s these children at greater strain. Adolescents according to Piaget are self- focusing. Piaget believed that during adolescence a new form of egocentrism formed as adolescents could not separate the difference between their thoughts and others thoughts. There were 2 main ways this could be explained, through self-audience and personal fable. Self -audience is when an adolescent believes they are the emphasis of everyone’s attention. It is through self-audience that adolescents may feel extremely self-conscious and aware of themselves. Self fable is when an adolescent feels that people are always giving them attention and watching them, this is similar to what a toddler may think but by this stage an adolescent should know that they can not always be the centre of attention. When an adolescent is not receiving they believe is due it leads to them being upset and moody. (Berk, 2009, p. 252) As human beings everyone develops their emotion expression at various time of their life. As we age and mature so do our emotions and expressions, how an infant reacts to a range of emotions compared to a 20 year old will be absolutely different, this may be due to the culture they have been brought up in or they have learned display rules. As seen throughout this essay emotional development does not occur in isolation but in some rare circumstances it does, there are many cognitive, neurological and behavioural influences interact with emotional, social and cultural influences. References Berk, L. (2009). Child development (8th ed. Person International Edition Colman,A. (2009), Oxford Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press Emotional development . (2006). Retrieved from http://www. education. com/reference/article/emotional-development/ Hearing young children’s voices, (n. d). Retrieved from http://www. children. act. gov. au/documents/PDF/under5report. pdf Wilson, L. (2003), The Emotional Life of Children. National Library of Australia: Charles Sturt University. Wilson, L. (2012). Lecture3: dependence needs of children [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from in class on the 17/07/2012

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Article Summary: Emerging Giants

Article Summary: Emerging Giants Many local companies lost their market shares or sold off their businesses when global or multinational companies from developed markets such as US, Germany, and Japan got into the emerging markets. However, some local companies held out against and exorcised multinationals.In this article, the authors instantiate this kind of local companies by explaining that Mahindra & Mahindra in India and Haier Group in China have barraged out their own rivals, reset their business strategies, taken advantages of new opportunities, and gained high competencies that enable themselves to do their businesses in global markets very successfully.Also, the authors describe the three strategies these companies employ to make themselves strong, global competitors in spite of facing several difficulties such as financial problems or bureaucratic disadvantages in their home countries, referring the results of their study of emerging giants. First of all, some emerging-mark et companies use their own knowledge of local product markets, resulting in good understandings of local customers’ needs and tastes.This strategy helps these local companies to capture distinctive national advantages. For example, Jollibee Foods in Philippine has profitably succeeded in their businesses against McDonald’s because they know local customers tend to prefer a particular soy and garlic taste that their products have. Secondly, some companies in emerging markets have exploited their knowledge of local talent and capital markets, thus giving services to their customers at home countries and overseas cost-effectively.For instance, Infosys or Wipro in India knew the possibility of providing services to customers abroad very cheaply compared to Western companies did because they had knowledge about where the talents resided and that they can hired technical workers at salaries lower than those in developed markets. Finally, some emerging giants have taken advan tages of institutional voids to create businesses.Old Mutual in South Africa, for example, noticed that South Africa did not have mutual fund and long-term investment product, enabling itself becoming a large financial firm. After I read this article, the company that I came in my mind is Geely Automobile (Geely) in China. Geely actually started their business as a manufacture of refrigerator. The CEO and founder at Geely, Li Shu Fu knew that to achieve the success in China, it was necessary to reduce the cost of anufacturing drastically, enabling local customers to buy their products in China, because when he started his business, in China disposal income among ordinary people was much lower than that in different countries. Therefore, he began to assemble many components from junk dealers because recycled or junk parts were basically cheaper than new components, thus resulting in cost reduction. Then, he stared to produce small motorbikes because at that time, in the end of 1994, it was not still common to buy automobiles in China.That is why at first he decided to focus on manufacturing motorbikes instead of automobiles. After that, finally, they made a beginning of car manufacturing in cost-effectively manner by hiring local workers who knew how to design their products and to manipulate industrial machines. Additionally, he has built networks with local universities and more surprisingly he actually founded several universities to produce competitive but cheap labors. I believe this company is a remarkable and interesting example of emerging giants.

Friday, September 13, 2019

Demand, supply, and equilibrium Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Demand, supply, and equilibrium - Term Paper Example The amount of a product that people in a market are willing to buy is known as the demanded quantity. The existing relationship between quantity demanded and price is known as the demand relationship. The factor of supply indicates the quantity of a product or a service that can be offered by the market. The quantity supplied is the amount of any good or service that the producers are able to supply in return of a certain price. The factor of price is a reflection of the demand and supply in the market. The supply and demand relationship underlines the key decisions regarding the allocation of resources in a market. In the theories of market economy, the demand and supply theory is used to allocate the available resources in the best possible manner. The demand for a product is the representation of how much the buyers are willing to buy at different prices. Thus, demand can be defined as the existing relationship between quantity and prices while maintaining all other relevant factors as constant. The law of demand states that the higher the price of the goods, lesser would be the demand for the goods, if the other relevant factors are kept constant (Gomes, King and Stonecash 215). This means that a higher price would incur a lower demand. According to the law of demand, the factors of quantity demanded and price are inversely proportional. Therefore, a lower price would mean a higher quantity demanded. The market demand represents the total of the demands of all the individual buyers in a market. Since at a higher price, both the price and the opportunity cost of the purchase of the goods and services increase, therefore the amount purchased by buyers at high prices is lesser. People generally try to avoid buying any product o r service that will make them forgo the purchase and consumption of a product more important to them. Thus, a high opportunity cost often leads to a decrease in

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Final Project for a linguistic class called Introduction to Essay

Final Project for a linguistic class called Introduction to Linguistics - Essay Example In 1889 operators of central telephone exchange were called as hello girls. Hello can be used in a lot of senses; it can be used as a greeting, to answer a telephone, to attract attention, an exclamation of surprise or wonder (e.g., we went to see Eiffel Tower and hello! It was beautiful). We can even use hello as a noun when we say (e.g., it was a cry of hello), basically hello is an interjection expressing some informal greeting. It is also used when we’re questioning something with someone being addressed, (e.g. are you happy with what is going to happen here? Hello!). We can use hello as a noun as well (e.g. I went to meet Alex but he gave me a cold hello), as verb (e.g. I helloed very loudly before someone could take notice of my arrival). Tough the whole world now uses Hello but British people still use hullo. This word â€Å"Dude† is from American vocabulary, it was first used in the year 1883. Dude is used for a male and when using for a female. Two words dudine & dudess are used; however dudine is more popular than dudess. This word is pronounced as â€Å"dood† and it has quite a few meanings, initially it was used in America for those Easterners who move to west and start living there but that meaning is not accurate anymore. Dude in present day is used in quite some other meanings. Dude can be used as slang for friend, chap, mate or a fellow. Other than that dude is also referred to some guy who is very concerned about his dressing as per fashion, another meaning of dude is used for a some man who is staying on a farm but that is also an old meaning of Dude. We also say dude up as slang for dress up (e.g. look at him! All dude up to impress the girls at bar). Some people are of the opinion that dude is derived from another word dud which means a failure or a flop which is the opposite of Dude. This word has a very long history; it was first recorded in 1050 in England. It was first called godsibb which means godparent as in god-sib (sib as

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Service recovery in consumer banking in China Dissertation - 1

Service recovery in consumer banking in China - Dissertation Example Moreover, the study also showed that the effectiveness of the same positively influenced the intention of the customers to stay with the banks (CUSTOMER LOYALTY). The importance of service recovery is usually taken into consideration when something in a service delivery goes wrong, Segelstrom and Howard (n.d.) discusses. Basically, the concept of service recovery is based on the fact that a company must take action to ensure that their customers or clients get the desired outcome notwithstanding the fact that the prior delivery has already failed. In addition thereto, it is through service recovery that the company in question rectifies their own processes in order to avoid the same mistake (Segelstrom and Howard n.d.). The importance of service recovery is usually the focus of researches within service management and service marketing (Bell and Zemke 1987; Bitner, Booms and Mohr 1994; Bitner, Booms and Tetreault 1990; Hart, Hesskett and Sasser Jr. 2000). According to the studies con ducted with respect to the said matter, service recovery is of paramount importance to the companies as the cost of attracting a new customer is significantly larger than retaining a new one (Bell and Zemke 1987; Hart, Heskett and Sasser Jr. 2000; Segelstorm and Howard n.d.). In addition thereto, researches conducted also pointed out that service failure and subsequent recovery positively affects the loyalty of the customers toward a certain company providing them with different kinds of services. The importance of service recovery was also discovered to be of paramount importance in financial institutions such as banks. In view of the same, this paper focuses on the analysis of service recovery and how it influences customer loyalty in banks.

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

Effact of the government shot down in us Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Effact of the government shot down in us - Essay Example nment runs several archives, libraries, and museums, and when it shut down, services from these institutions were temporarily stopped or delimited (Field, Basken, and Howard par.2). As a result, students who needed information from these organizations were hindered from completing their assignments, or their projects/assignments suffered delays. Furthermore, students who rely on government-sponsored scholarships were somewhat affected. A week or more delays from a government shutdown delayed the release of funds for disadvantaged students on scholarship (Field, Basken, and Howard par.3). Finally, government-run educational institutions temporarily stopped working. Public military academies were the hardest hit because they primarily relied on government funding (Atteberry par.5-7). These students would have had their education put on hold, while their access to school services and resources were also hindered when they were closed because of the government shutdown (Atteberry par.10) . Thus, the government shutdown directly affected students in several ways. When a government shuts down, its research and educational organizations immediately experience stoppage in operations in the short run (in varying degrees) and are at risk of a complete closure too in the long run. Either way, the lives of many college students are changed in ways that they could not have anticipated. Thus, the U.S. government shutdown, if it lasted for more than two weeks, could have severely economically and socially impacted public institutions, including the educational sector. Atteberry, Emily. â€Å"5 Ways the Shutdown has Affected College Students.† USA Today, 3 Oct. 2013. Web. 31 Oct. 2013. . Field, Kelly, Basken, Paul, and Jennifer Howard. â€Å"How a Government Shutdown Would Affect Academe.† The Chronicle of Higher Education, 30 Sept. 2013. Web. 31 Oct. 2013.

Monday, September 9, 2019

Should Prostitution Be Legalized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Should Prostitution Be Legalized - Essay Example In the contemporary society, sex work regulation occurs within a broader cultural shift towards a society that is sexually permissive. However, the liberalization of people’s attitudes towards sexual behaviors that were once considered too deviant behavior is taking place currently. Non-monogamous sex is common in the society that it is becoming an expectation in modern society. Even the people who oppose legalization of prostitution have noted that casual sexual relationships do not carry the sanctions of social morality of the past generation. Despite the liberalization of the society’s attitudes towards commercial sex, prostitution is still highly stigmatized. In a different point of view, sexual commerce qualifies as work in the society. It involves human agency, and it may be potentially empowering for workers. On the other hand, a small minority of sex workers have reported oppression, exploitation, and abuse. Theorists suggest legalization of prostitution will fu rther plunge problems in difficult situations. Currently, the problems faced by the sex works are a life after prostitution. To most them, prostitution is short-term work; it is a job that they are in it to solve their immediate problems and not a long-term solution. Therefore, they see no point in legalizing it since they believe girls are wasting their time in it. In addition to wasting time, it acts as a tool through which infections are spread yet the government is spending much in trying to treat and curb the spread of sexually transmitted infections. Other pundits argue that, prostitution should be viewed in a broader picture and wider perspective. They argue that modern prostitution is conducted without rules, and this is why infections are spreading at a higher rate. They argue that, if commercial sex can be legalized then the government can work with the workers in ensuring they practice proper and safe sex during their work. This means that the rate of infection transmissi on from individual to individuals will undergo reduction. In addition to reducing infection, commercial sex is just like any other work hence its contribution in commerce cannot be underestimated. This field employs several numbers of women and hence contributes to the creation of employment opportunities for women who otherwise would be idling without jobs and sources of income.

Sunday, September 8, 2019

A Shining Thread of Hope - The History of Black Women in America Essay

A Shining Thread of Hope - The History of Black Women in America - Essay Example It is through this strength and the resulting bonds of family, community and faith, the authors argue, that both yesterday’s and today’s African American woman is beginning to be recognized for her significant contributions to the progress and development of the United States and the importance she continues to play in providing examples to live, work and raise a family in trying times with dignity, grace, love and success. The prologue of the book immediately captures the reader’s attention with a detailed description of a young African woman’s life in the earliest days of the colonies. This pattern is continued with further detail into this and other stories of African women in the early colonies as the book moves into its first chapter. The sense of immediacy is developed as the authors fictionalize to a degree in describing Lucy Terry Prince and other early African women brought to America. â€Å"A young woman stood on the shores of the New World. †¦ We do not know this woman’s name, but we will call her Oni. She will be, for us, not a number – one of twenty slaves who were the first to be brought to North America – but the real woman she was† (8). Although they arrived on these shores as slaves, the authors demonstrate how these early slaves gained freedom, happiness, land ownership, scholarship and, at times, a degree of equality with their white nei ghbors. Yet there remain significant gaps to these stories as the children disappear or the family property is swallowed up by white invaders. â€Å"It is important to remember that other African Americans, women as well as men, were simultaneously creating a separate culture. Its development was not usually recorded, and few names have come down to us† (26). As they describe these stories, the authors also work to distance themselves from the stories, often switching back to the narrative scholastic voice of the present rather

Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect Literature review

Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect - Literature review Example All the trading activities are limited to the utilization of RMB as the standard currency. This investment channel has opened up new markets which have not been available to international investors operating in Hong Kong. This channel has expanded the access to investment options which are available to different investors within China. International investors in Hong Kong can be able to access and purchase shares listed in the mainland stock market while operating from their location (Sekine 2014). All these transactions will be facilitated through local stock brokers and agents within the different locations. Previously, the investors within the different regions could only access stock within their market and had to be registered in either Hong Kong or Chinese markets to be able to conduct trade there. Despite the development of a joint stock market investment opportunity which presents significant benefits to trader, there are various restrictions in the trading activities which investors can pursue. These restrictions have occurred as a result of the regulation available within the market. There is need for regulation to be implemented in seeking to ensure there is market control in how trading is conducted. The channel has created formula for defining the eligible investors who will be allowed to conduct trade within the channel that is being developed. Investors from Hong Kong and international investors are allowed to access all types of eligible stocks within the shanghai stock market. This will nevertheless not be the circumstance for investors listed in the shanghai stock exchange. The investors from shanghai who can trade in shares within Hong Kong are only institutional investors and individuals who have RMB 500,000 of investment or cash. Only ‘A’ shares from the Shanghai market are included within the eligible shares which can be traded in the channel. Certain constituent stocks of these ‘A’ shares are also accessible to Hong